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Introduction to error_reporting() in PHP

In the various levels of errors that PHP has, error_reporting is a function in PHP which indicates what are the errors reported and determines the error_reporting directive during runtime. Using this function we can set the prescribed level for the required duration (usually the runtime) of our script. It returns the old error reporting level based on the input given, or the present reporting level when no parameter is given.

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Syntax with Parameters

Syntax:

error_reporting(level)

Parameters:

There is only a single parameter level which is optional and whose input function takes. It specifies the error reporting level for the present script. Accepted values are constant name and value number.

Note: To ensure compatibility for PHP future versions, named constants are recommended.

There are a few predefined constants whose description is as below:

1. E_Error: These indicate fatal runtime errors that cannot be recovered from and the script execution will be halted.

2. E_Warning: These are non-fatal errors where the execution of the script will continue.

3. E_Parse: This shows compile-time parse errors which are to be generated only by the parsers.

4. E_Notice: This issues runtime notices indicating that the script has found something which shows an error, but which can also happen while running a normal script.

5. E_Core_Error: During PHP’s initial startup there may arise a few fatal errors which are generated by PHP’s core.

7. E_Compile_Error: These display fatal errors which occur during compile time. These are generated by the Zend scripting engine.

8. E_Compile_Warning: Similar to above these display compile-time warnings or can be called non-fatal errors and are also generated by Zend scripting engine.

9. E_User_Error: This displays errors generated by the users. This is similar to E_ERROR except that it is generated using PHP function in the PHP code.

10. E_All: This is like a combination of all the above which supports all errors and warnings except that of E_STRICT.

Return Values:

The error_reporting function gives the old reporting level or the present error reporting level if in case no parameters are given.

Working of error_reporting in PHP

This function allows the developer to actually control the different kinds of errors and how many of such errors will be thrown in the application. This function sets an error_reporting directive that will be present in the PHP ini configuration file.

error_reporting(0);

When 0 is passed to the error reporting function it removes all warnings, errors, parse related messages and notices, if any. Instead of having to include this line in each of the PHP code files, it is practical to have it added and to turn off these report messages in the ini file present or in the .htaccess.

error_reporting(E_NOTICE);

In PHP the variables can be used even when not declared. But this practice is not feasible as the undeclared variables may cause application related issues if it is used in conditional statements and loops. This may also take place because of the spelling mismatch between the declared variables and of that being used for conditions and loops. When this E_NOTICE will be passed into the error_reporting function, only then these undeclared variables will be shown in the web application.

error_reporting(E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE);

error_reporting(E_ALL); error_reporting(-1); ini_set('error_reporting', E_ALL);

All of the above lines serve the same purpose i.e. show all the errors. E_ALL is the most widely used function among all others by developers to display error messages as it is more comprehensible and intelligible.

Error Logging in PHP using error_log() Function

An easy way to log these is by using the error_log function which takes our parameters as input. The only mandatory parameter here is the first one which contains details about the errors and what all to be logged. Other parameters like the type, destination, and header are non-mandatory here for this function.

error_log("Error found!", 0);

The type parameter will be set to 0 by default if not given, and the log information will be appended at the end of the log file generated in the webserver.

error_log("Error information being emailed!", 1, "[email protected]");

The type parameter here is 1 will email this log specified in the 3rd parameter which is the email id. For this to work, the PHP ini file must be having a correct SMTP configuration to send out emails. Some of the parameters required for these include host, encryption type, port, password and username.

The same error logs can also be written down to the required file whose path will be given in the third parameter. Make sure the given path has all required permissions.

Example of error_reporting() in PHP

Given below is the example:

Code:

<?php $a = 1; trigger_error("user warning!", E_USER_WARNING); $a = 2; echo "Value of $a is ${$a}"; error_reporting(0); error_reporting(E_ALL);

Output:

Advantages of using error_reporting function in PHP

error_reporting is good for debugging purposes and for developing web application.

Each and every error can be logged and fixed as soon as it happens using this function.

To not show it to the end-user, make sure you redirect the errors to a log file while releasing it.

Conclusion

Hence we can say that error_reporting() function in PHP are therefore helpful in cases when there are a lot of problems with the PHP web application and we need to display all of these errors and warnings either for development or debugging purposes. It is a function we can enable different kinds of warnings or error messages and most of them are as discussed above.